先秦:
舊石器時(shí)代 Paleolithic 或者 Old Stone Age
新石器時(shí)代 Neolithic 或者 New Stone Age
部落聯(lián)盟 Tribal Union
傳說(shuō)時(shí)代 Mythical history
三皇五帝 Three Sovereigns and Five Legends 或者統(tǒng)稱為 Legendary Ancient Sages
黃帝 Huang Di,Huang Ti 或者 Yellow Emperor
炎帝 Yan Di,Yan Ti,Yan Emperor 或者 Flame Emperor
華夏部 Huaxia Tribal Union
九黎部 Jiuli Tribal Union 或者 Tribal Union of Nine Lis
三代 Great Reigns of Three Generations
堯天舜日 Great Reigns of Yao and Shun
禪讓制 Abdicating and passing down the throne
大禹 Yu, the Great
夏朝 Xia dynasty 或者 Hsia dynasty
商朝 Shang dynasty
信史 Faithful history
殷墟 Ruins of Yin, Relic of Yin 或者直接Yin Xu
甲骨文 Scripts on Oracle Bones
青銅年代 Bronze Age
周朝 Zhou dynasty 或者 Chou dynasty
西周 Western Zhou
天命 Mandate of Heaven
天子 Son of the Heavenly King
周公旦 Duke of Zhou
分封制:這個(gè)說(shuō)法太多了,我覺(jué)得比較靠譜的是Feudalism system 或者 Enfeoffment system。有的文章用的Tributary system,個(gè)人覺(jué)得不靠譜,那是藩屬國(guó)而不是諸侯國(guó)。
分封的諸侯國(guó):這個(gè)說(shuō)法也很多,常見(jiàn)的有Principality,F(xiàn)eudatory state 以及 Vassal state,但我比較喜歡第一個(gè),因?yàn)楹髢煞N貌似指的是歐洲那種諸侯國(guó)或者附庸國(guó);到了戰(zhàn)國(guó)就可以直接說(shuō)State了,比如秦國(guó)就是State Qin,魏國(guó)是State Wei,衛(wèi)國(guó)是State Wey
諸侯本人:Feudal lords
宗法制:其實(shí)就是以血緣為準(zhǔn)的嫡長(zhǎng)子繼承其余分封的制度,有人用Patriarchy這個(gè)詞,但是這個(gè)詞只強(qiáng)調(diào)了父系血統(tǒng),卻沒(méi)有強(qiáng)調(diào)繼承。我比較喜歡的處理方法是直接說(shuō)Zongfa system,然后再用一兩句話解釋,比如the wife’s eldest son will inherit the lineage of the clan, while younger sons of the wife and sons of concubines will not be regarded as rightful successors of the clan. The eldest son will also inherit the noble title of his father and majority share of the heritage.
禮樂(lè)制度 Rites and Music Principals
周禮 Rituals of Zhou
成康之治 Great Reigns of King Cheng and King Kang
昭王伐楚 Campaign against Chu during King Zhao’s Reign
穆天子之旅 Journey of King Mu
穆天子傳 Tale of King Mu
國(guó)人暴動(dòng) Riot of people in the capital city
烽火戲諸侯 War Signal Drama 或者 Fake War Signals
東周 Eastern Zhou
春秋 Spring and Autumn Period
戰(zhàn)國(guó) Warring States Period
春秋五霸 Five Hegemons
吳越爭(zhēng)霸 Contention of Wu and Yue 或者 Rivalry between Wu and Yue
戰(zhàn)國(guó)七雄:貌似沒(méi)有專門的說(shuō)法,一般就是Seven Warring States
百家爭(zhēng)鳴 Hundred Schools of Thoughts
儒家 Confucianism
孔子 Confucius 或 School of Ru(不常用)
孟子 Mencius
荀子 Xuncius
道家 Taoism 或 Daoism
老子 Lao Tzu 或 Laozi
莊子 Chuang Tzu或Zhuangzi
無(wú)為 Wu-wei,解釋為Action of actionless
墨家 Mohism
法家 Legalism
名家 Logicianism 或者 School of Names
陰陽(yáng)家 Naturalism,School of Naturalists 或者 School of Yin and Yang
縱橫家 School of Diplomacy
小說(shuō)家 School of Minor Talks
雜家 Syncretism
農(nóng)家 Agriculturalism
醫(yī)家 School of Medicine
兵家 School of Military
孫子兵法 The Art of War 或者 Art of Wars
孫子 Sun Tzu
四書五經(jīng) Four Books and Five Classics
論語(yǔ) Analects of Confucius 或者直接 Lun Yu
大學(xué) Great Learning
中庸 Doctrine of the Mean 或者直接 Zhongyong
詩(shī)經(jīng) Classic of Poetry 或者 Classic of Songs
書經(jīng) Book of Documents
禮記 Book of Rites 或者 Classic of Rites
易經(jīng) Book of Changes 或者 I-Ching
春秋 Annals of Spring and Autumn
六韜 Six Secret Teachings
商君書 The Book of Lord Shang
管子 Guanzi
韓非子 Han Feizi
法經(jīng) Canon of Laws
尸子 Shizi
列子 Liezi
竹書紀(jì)年 Bamboo Annals
戰(zhàn)國(guó)四公子 Four Lords of Warring States
食客 Retainer
商鞅變法 Reform of Shang Yang in State Qin
胡服騎射 Riding and shooting in nomadic dress
井田制 Hashtag-shaped-field system 或者 Well-field system,但顯然前一個(gè)對(duì)外國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō)更直白
都江堰 Dujiangyan Water Conservancy Project
太傅 Grand Tutor
太保 Grand Guard
太師 Grand Preceptor
先秦時(shí)期的國(guó)君,一般就是King (Duke) + 名字或謚號(hào) + 朝代/國(guó)家,比如商紂王King Zhou of Shang,周武王 King Wu of Zhou,齊桓公 Duke Huan of Qi,越王勾踐 King Gou Jian of Yue